From the archive record
Phra Sumen Fort is the only one left of the original forts along the river in Bangkok. Besides its historical value, the octagonal-shaped three-level structure with its snow-white walls is one of Bangkok's recognized landmarks. Built in the late 18th century, these forts and the surrounding walls protected the just-founded city against the looming Burmese threat during the reign of King Rama I. Previously, the Burmese sacked and burned the former capital, Ayutthaya; adequate protection was therefore crucial. After the Burmese were beaten back, peaceful times followed. With the exception of a brief incursion by French gunboats up the Chao Phraya, potential outside enemy advances were warded off by clever diplomacy rather than by military force. The forts fell out of use and perished one by